An electric arc furnace (EAF) is designed to melt steel at temperatures exceeding 1,600°C. Despite the intense heat generated by the electric arcs, the furnace structure remains intact thanks to the use of refractory materials. The furnace is constructed around a special steel crucible designed to withstand high temperatures. The inside of the crucible is fully lined with refractory materials that act as a thermal barrier, protecting the structure from heat, slag, and the mechanical wear resulting from contact with the scrap being melted. During the initial melting phase, water-cooled panels positioned above the crucible ensure that the scrap remains confined. Once this process is complete, the crucible contains the liquid steel.
Refractory materials: thermal, chemical and mechanical protection
The refractory materials used in EAF furnaces are designed to perform at temperatures higher than the melting point of the metals being processed. Their low thermal conductivity reduces heat loss, and their chemical resistance protects the lining from contact with slag and liquid metal. These materials are also mechanically durable, enabling them to withstand the thermal stresses and strains of the steel production cycle. Consequently, the refractory lining ensures the durability and safety of the furnace system.
Auxiliary and maintenance technology for EAF furnaces
In addition to the refractory lining, there are several technical solutions that protect an EAF installation. Many of the side walls of the furnace, particularly in the most exposed areas, comprise hollow panels through which water circulates. This water absorbs radiant heat, thereby preventing the structure from reaching its melting point. The furnace vault, which is raised and lowered for scrap loading, is also equipped with a water cooling system.
